Modelling of an industrial moving belt chemical vapour deposition reactor forming SiO2 films

In order to improve the efficiency of an industrial atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) moving belt reactor depositing silicon dioxide SiO2 films from tetraethoxysilane Si(OC2H5)4 (TEOS) andozone O3, a 2D simulation model based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ESTET has been developed. On the basis of the global chemical scheme of Zhou et al. [1997. Fifth International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors, RTP’97, New Orleans, LA, USA, pp. 257–268], a new kinetic model has been developed to conveniently represent our own set of experimental data. In particular, a chemical limitation for TEOS has been introduced, conferring increased chemical validity to the model. Simulations have shown that for the nominal conditions, TEOS conversion into SiO2 layers was too low andthat an increase in ozone concentration or in the nitrogen flow rates through the injector did not offer any advantage. Conversely, a decrease in the curtain nitrogen flow rate or an increase in that of the shieldcan enhance the process productivity and TEOS conversion

Reparación integral y diferencial de pueblos indígenas en Colombia: avances y propuestas

Esta investigación proporciona un valioso documento de consulta y analisis para identificar recorridos, aciertos, retos y avances en la construcción de rutas, formas, medidas y eficacia de las estrategias para la reparación de los pueblos indígenas en Colombia y su participación en la construcción de la paz. Teniendo en cuenta los avances y las propuestas de reparación para pueblos indígenas, puede decirse que la ambiciosa apuesta dentro de los acuerdos en los que las victimas desempeñan un papel central ha supuesto la aparición de retos de diferente calado, algunos de una dificultad mayor y otros que, por el trasegar del acuerdo y su implementación, podrían ser superados de forma mas sencilla. Puede ser esta participación la que determine el éxito del proceso y abra las puertas de las condiciones para forjar la paz, por esto la importancia de identificar los retos y diseñar estrategias de solución con la participación de los actores del acuerdo. Con una expresión indígena enérgica y con su voluntad operando como delineador de los contornos de la reparación, este ideal puede satisfacer de forma más adecuada a las víctimas y así asegurar un mejor panorama para la superación de los retos. (apartes del texto)Contiene: Capítulo 1. Genealogía, afectaciones de un conflicto y construcción de recorridos para la reparación integral de los pueblos indígenas en Colombia / Paula Lucía Arévalo Mutiz, Yesit Leonardo Silva Medina -- Primera Sección. Recorridos y avances para la reparación de pueblos indígenas: Capítulo 2. Criterios de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos aplicables a la reparación integral de los pueblos indígenas en América Latina -- Capítulo 3. Aportes del proceso transicional de justicia y paz en materia de reparación integral de los pueblos indígenas / Wendy Tatiana Camacho Pulido -- Capítulo 4. Reparación para pueblos indígenas a la luz del Decreto 4633 de 2011: recorridos y desafíos / Paula Lucía Arévalo Mutiz, Verónica Manosalva Agudelo, Nery Carolina Flórez Vargas -- Capítulo 5. Participación indígena, aportes y retos frente a la implementación del Capítulo Étnico del Acuerdo Final para la Paz y la construcción de una Justicia Transicional en Colombia / Paula Lucía Arévalo Mutiz, Verónica Manosalva Agudelo, Óscar Montero de la Rosa -- Segunda Sección. Propuestas especiales para la reparación de pueblos indígenas en Colombia en el marco de Acuerdo final para la Paz: Capítulo 6. Los programas de desarrollo con enfoque territorial (PDET): una exploración de sus aportes y concepción como medida de reparación colectiva diferencial en Colombia, a través de la coordinación con los planes integrales de reparación colectiva (PIRC) para pueblos y comunidades indígenas (PCI) / Jean Pierre Gómez Nieto -- Capítulo 7. Propuestas para la reparación integral de mujeres indígenas víctimas de violencia sexual en escenarios de justicia transicional -- Discusión final: Capítulo 8. Entrelazando los recorridos de la reparación integral y diferencial para pueblos indígenas en Colombia / Yesit Leonardo Silva Medina, Paula Lucía Arévalo Mutiz, Óscar Montero de la Rosa.Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadore

A Peptidoglycan Fragment Triggers β-lactam Resistance in Bacillus licheniformis

To resist to β-lactam antibiotics Eubacteria either constitutively synthesize a β-lactamase or a low affinity penicillin-binding protein target, or induce its synthesis in response to the presence of antibiotic outside the cell. In Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococcus aureus, a membrane-bound penicillin receptor (BlaR/MecR) detects the presence of β-lactam and launches a cytoplasmic signal leading to the inactivation of BlaI/MecI repressor, and the synthesis of a β-lactamase or a low affinity target. We identified a dipeptide, resulting from the peptidoglycan turnover and present in bacterial cytoplasm, which is able to directly bind to the BlaI/MecI repressor and to destabilize the BlaI/MecI-DNA complex. We propose a general model, in which the acylation of BlaR/MecR receptor and the cellular stress induced by the antibiotic, are both necessary to generate a cell wall-derived coactivator responsible for the expression of an inducible β-lactam-resistance factor. The new model proposed confirms and emphasizes the role of peptidoglycan degradation fragments in bacterial cell regulation

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: All collapsed and paired-end sequence data for samples sequenced in this study are available in compressed fastq format through the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB44430, together with rescaled and trimmed bam sequence alignments against both the nuclear and mitochondrial horse reference genomes. Previously published ancient data used in this study are available under accession numbers PRJEB7537, PRJEB10098, PRJEB10854, PRJEB22390 and PRJEB31613, and detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The genomes of ten modern horses, publicly available, were also accessed as indicated in their corresponding original publications57,61,85-87.NOTE: see the published version available via the DOI in this record for the full list of authorsDomestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture

Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29